What type of testing is based on the analysis of the specification of a component or system?

Black-box testing is a type of testing that focuses on the inputs and outputs of a component or system without any knowledge of its internal workings. It is based on the analysis of specifications and requirements, meaning that testers derive test cases from the specifications, ensuring that the software functions as intended. In this approach, the tester evaluates what the system should do based solely on defined criteria, without examining the underlying code or structure.

This method is particularly useful in Agile environments where frequent changes may occur, and it allows for a clear evaluation of whether the system meets user expectations and requirements. Testers can ensure that the application behaves correctly from the end user's perspective, emphasizing functionality over implementation details.

The other types of testing mentioned—integration testing, system testing, and unit testing—typically involve a deeper understanding of the internal workings of the software, focusing on how different modules interact, the overall system's response, or the functionality of individual components, respectively. These approaches do not primarily focus on specification analysis in the same manner as black-box testing does.