What type of testing is based on the analysis of the specification of a component or system?

The correct choice focuses on black-box testing, which is a testing approach that evaluates the functionality of a component or system without delving into the internal workings or implementation details. This type of testing relies on the specification of the software or system being tested. Testers create test cases based on requirements and specifications to ensure that the application's outputs meet the expected results for a given set of inputs.

In contrast, while integration, system, and unit testing all play essential roles in the software development lifecycle, they are not defined primarily by their reliance on specifications in the same way that black-box testing is. Integration testing, for instance, focuses on the interactions between integrated components, system testing assesses the entire system's compliance with specified requirements, and unit testing scrutinizes the functionality of individual components at a code level. Therefore, these testing types include considerations beyond specification analysis, making black-box testing the most appropriate answer for this context.