Which approach involves designing and implementing test cases prior to developing the corresponding component or system?

Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development approach in which test cases are designed and implemented before the actual code for the component or system is written. This methodology emphasizes the creation of automated tests that define the desired functionality and behavior of the code. Developers write a failing test first, which confirms that the intended functionality does not yet exist. They then write the minimum amount of code necessary to pass the test, followed by refactoring the code to improve its structure while ensuring that all tests continue to pass.

This practice not only helps in establishing clear requirements through tests but also fosters a faster feedback loop, allowing developers to identify and fix defects early in the development process. TDD is an essential part of Agile methodologies, promoting collaborative and iterative work, and ensuring that the developed features meet the predefined criteria outlined by the tests.

In contrast, the other options do not encapsulate the essence of writing tests prior to development. Test specification and test case specification focus on documenting and detailing tests that may or may not align closely with the development cycle, while a test session refers to a time-boxed activity in testing, typically involving exploratory testing rather than a structured approach like TDD.